Abstract

Research Article

Phytochemical content of leaf and stem of Marsilea quadrifolia (L.)

Rajangam Udayakumar* and Karikalan Gopalakrishnan

Published: 23 May, 2017 | Volume 1 - Issue 1 | Pages: 026-037

The present study was aimed to screen and quantify the phytochemicals by qualitative and quantitative analysis in methanol and aqueous leaf and stem extracts of Marsilea quadrifolia(L.). In qualitative analysis, the phytochemical compounds such as tannins, saponins, flavonoids, steroids, terpenoids, triterpenoids, alkaloids, carbohydrates, proteins, anthroquinones, phenolic compounds and phytosterol were screened. Among these phytocompounds tannins, saponins, flavonoids, steroids, alkaloids, carbohydrates, proteins and phenolic compounds were observed in methanol and aqueous leaf and stem extracts of M. quadrifolia. Anthroquinones were absent in both leaf and stem extracts of M. quadrifolia. The content of phenolic compounds 8.34±0.92 mg/g and 7.31±0.46 mg/g, flavonoids 7.46±0.64 mg/g and 6.45±0.68 mg/g, alkaloids 6.12±0.51 mg/g and 5.89±0.61 mg/g, tannins 6.58±0.72 mg/g and 6.07±0.56 mg/g and saponins 5.32±0.48 mg/g and 6.30±0.58 mg/g were determined in leaf and stem of M. quadrifolia, respectively. So, the present study confirmed that the presence of phytocompounds in leaf and stem of M. quadrifolia.

Read Full Article HTML DOI: 10.29328/journal.jpsp.1001003 Cite this Article Read Full Article PDF

Keywords:

Marsilea quadrifolia; Leaf; Stem; Phytocompounds; Methanolic; Aqueous

References

  1. Ncube NS, Afolayan AJ, Okoh AI. Assessment techniques of antimicrobial properties of natural compounds of plant origin: current methods and future trends. Afr J Biotechnol. 2008; 7: 1797-1806. Ref.: https://goo.gl/haE1w1
  2. Mehta Kavit, Patel BN, Jain BK. Phytochemical analysis of leaf extract of Phyllanthus fraternus. Research Journal of Recent Sciences. 2013; 2: 12-15.
  3. Edeoga HO, Okwu DE, Mbaebie BO. Phytochemical constituents of some Nigerian medicinal plants. Afr J Biotechnol. 2005; 4: 685-688. Ref.: https://goo.gl/rCK3LA
  4. Vasu K, Goud JV, Suryam Z, Suryam A, Charya S. Biomolecular and phytochemical analyses of three aquatic angiosperms. Afr JMicrobiol Res. 2009; 3: 418-421. Ref.: https://goo.gl/kpw0XY
  5. Cowan MM. Plant products as antimicrobial agents. Clin Microbiol Rev. 1999; 564-582. Ref.: https://goo.gl/kKE4rO
  6. Etkin NL. Medicinal cuisines: diet and ethnopharmacology. Int J Pharm.1996; 34: 313-326. Ref.: https://goo.gl/KckvgV
  7. AmeyawY, Duker-Eshun G. The alkaloid contents of the ethno-plant organs of three antimalarial medicinal plant species in the eastern region of Ghana. Int J ChemSci. 2009; 7: 48-58 Ref.: https://goo.gl/EYMlbL
  8. Gopalakrishnan K, Udayakumar R. GC-MS Analysis of Phytocompounds of Leafand Stem of Marsilea quadrifolia (L.). International Journal of Biochemistry Research & Review. 2014; 4: 517-526. Ref.: https://goo.gl/7PMo2p
  9. Mahesh B, Satish S. Antimicrobial activity of some important medicinal plant against plant and human Pathogens. World J Agric Sci. 2008; 4: 839-843. Ref.: https://goo.gl/wbyfrm
  10. Janakiraman N, Johnson M, Sahaya Sathish S. GC-MS analysis of bioactive constituents of Peristrophe bicalyculata (Retz.) Nees. (Acanthaceae). Asian Pac J Trop Biomed. 2012; 2: 46-49. Ref.: https://goo.gl/4WRRr8
  11. Balamurugan K, Nishanthini A, Mohan VR. GC-MS analysis of Polycarpaea corymbosa (L.) Lam whole plant. Asian Pac J Trop. 2012; 2: 1289-1292. Ref.: https://goo.gl/5w5QZp
  12. Nisha K, Darshana M, Madhu G, Bhupendra MK. GC-MS analysis and anti-microbial activity of Psidium guajava (leaves) grown in Malva region of India. Int J Drug Dev & Res. 2011; 3: 237-245. Ref.: https://goo.gl/XvSdbP
  13. Mehdi SJ, Ahmad A, Irshad M, Nikhat Manzoor, Moshahid Alam Rizvi M. Cytotoxic effect of Carvacrol on human cervical cancer cells. Biology and Medicine. 2011; 3: 307-312. Ref.: https://goo.gl/MhzIwW
  14. Huang MT, Ho CT, Lee CY. Phenolic compounds in food and their effects on health. II: Antioxidants and cancer prevention. Amer Chem Soc Sym Seri. 507. Washington: American Chemical Society.1992; 2-7.
  15. Hertog MG, Feskens EJ, Holloman PC, Katan MB, Kromhout D. Dietary antioxidant flavonoids and risk of caronary heart disease. Lancet. 1993; 342: 1007-1011. Ref.: https://goo.gl/CVf5wZ
  16. Diaz MN, Frei B, Vita JA, Keaney JF Jr. Antioxidants and atherosclerotic heart disease. New Engl. J. Med. 1997; 337: 408-416. Ref.: https://goo.gl/NiGqNq
  17. Ito N, Hirose M. Antioxidants-carcinogenic and chemo-preventive properties. Adv Cancer Res. 1989; 53: 247-302. Ref.: https://goo.gl/rWuiZX
  18. Ness AR, Powles JW. Fruit and vegetables and cardiovascular disease: a review. Int J Epidemiol. 1997; 26: 1-13. Ref.: https://goo.gl/wMFkws
  19. Yang B, Kotani A, Arai K, Kusu F. Estimation of the antioxidant activities of flavonoids from their oxidation potentials. Anal Sci. 2001; 17: 599-604. Ref.: https://goo.gl/ZEznOp
  20. Nakayoma J, Yamada M, Osawa T, Kawakishi S. Suppression of active oxygen-induced cytotoxicity by flavonoids. Biochem Pharmacol. 1995; 45: 265-267. Ref.: https://goo.gl/7WdnSe
  21. Ahmed A, Khan KA, Ahmad VU, Qazi S. Antibacterial Activity of Juliflorine Isolated from Prosopis juliflora. Planta Med. 1986; 4: 285-288. Ref.: https://goo.gl/xM3mWj
  22. Chung KT, Wong TY, Wei CI, Huang YW, Lin Y. Tannins and human health: a review. Crit Rev Food Sci. 1998; 38: 421- 464. Ref.: https://goo.gl/4El1jp
  23. Bravo L. Polyphenols: chemistry, dietary sources, metabolism and nutritional significance. Nutrition Reviews. 1998; 56: 317-333. Ref.: https://goo.gl/oIzH05
  24. Scalbert A. Antimicrobial properties of tannins. Phytochem. 1991; 30: 3875-3883 Ref.: https://goo.gl/QDzmvx
  25. Hostettmann K, Marston A. Saponins. Vol 1. 1st ed. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press. 1995.
  26. Liu J. Henkel T. Traditional Chinese medicine (TCM): are polyphenols and saponins the key ingredients triggering biologicial activities? Curr Med Chem. 2002; 9: 1483- 1485. Ref.: https://goo.gl/Iu2nxC
  27. Oakenfull D. Saponins in the treatment of hypercholesterolemia, In: Spiller GA (ed.) Handbook of Lipids in Human Nutrition. CRC Press. 1996; 107-112. Ref.: https://goo.gl/ODzkTN
  28. Shams-Ghahfarokhi M, Shokoohamiri MR, Amirrajab N, Moghadasi B, Ghajari A, et al. In vitro antifungal activities of Allium cepa, Allium sativum and ketoconazole against some pathogenic yeasts and dermatophytes. Fitoterapia. 2006; 77: 321-323. Ref.: https://goo.gl/Mv0wtw
  29. Man S, Gao W, Zhang Y, Huang L, Liu C. Chemical study and medical application of saponins as anti-cancer agents. Fitoterapia. 2010; 81: 703-714. Ref.: https://goo.gl/1QBRse
  30. Soni P, Singh L. Marsilea quadrifolia linn.-A valuable culinary and remedial fern in Jaduguda, Jharkhand, India. Life Science. 2012; 2: 99-106. Ref.: https://goo.gl/YmocMA
  31. Sofowara A. Medicinal plants and Traditional medicine in Africa. Spectrum Books Ltd, Ibadan, Nigeria.1993; 191-289.
  32. Hagerman A, Muller I, Makkar H. Quantification of tannins in tree foliage. A laboratory manual, Vienna: FAO/IAEA. 2000; 4-7.
  33. Kumaran A, Karunakaran R. Antioxidant and free radical scavenging activity of an aqueous extracts of Coleus aromaticus. Food chemistry, 2006; 97: 109-114. Ref.: https://goo.gl/iWY8PO
  34. Harborne JB. Phytochemical methods, London. Chapman and Hall. Ltd. 1973; 49-188.
  35. Schendrel SH. Methods in food analysis Academic Press 1970; 749-756.
  36. Obadoni BO, Ochuko PO. Phytochemical studies and comparative efficacy of the crude extract of some homeostatic plants in Edo and Delta states of Nigeria. Global J Pure Appl Sci. 2001; 8: 203-208. Ref.: https://goo.gl/qSWkkL
  37. Aiyelaagbe OO, Paual Osamudiamen M. Phytochemical Screening For Active Compounds in Mangifera indica Leaves from Ibadan. Oya State. Plant Sci Res. 2009; 2: 11-13.
  38. Wadood A, Ghufran M, Jamal SB, Naeem M, Khan A, et al. Phytochemical Analysis of Medicinal Plants Occurring in Local Area of Mardan anal biochem. 2013; 2: 2-4 Ref.: https://goo.gl/rxYb5W
  39. Sofowra A. Medicinal plants and Traditional medicine in Africa. Spectrum Books Ltd, Ibadan, Nigeria.1993; 191-289.
  40. Kaileh M, Berghe WV, Boone E, Essawi T, Haegeman G. Screening of indigenous Palestinian medicinal plants for potential anti-inflammatory and cytotoxic activity. J Ethnopharmacol. 2007; 113: 510-516. Ref.: https://goo.gl/wjCGhW
  41. Shu YZ. Recent natural products based drug development: a pharmaceutical industry perspective. J Nat Prod. 1998: 61: 1053-1071 Ref.: https://goo.gl/hnWk0O
  42. Zhang D, Hamauzu Y. Phenolic compounds and their antioxidant properties in different tissues of carrots (Daucuscarota L.). Food Agric Env. 2004; 2: 95-100. Ref.: https://goo.gl/izLVHL
  43. Rao Y, Fang S, Tzeng Y. Antiinflammatory activities of flavonoids isolated from Caesalpinia pulcherrima. J Ethnopharmacol. 2005; 100: 249-253. Ref.: https://goo.gl/4SLBIs
  44. Newman DJ, Cragg GM, Snader KM. The influence of natural products upon drug discovery. Nat Prod Rep. 2000; 17: 175-285. Ref.: https://goo.gl/4JSqZZ
  45. Tiwari P, kumar B, Kaur M, G Kaur, H Kaur. Phytochemical screening and extraction: A review. International Pharmaceutical Sciencia. 2011; 1: 98-106.
  46. Zibbu G, Batra A. GC-MS analysis of the desert plants of Apocynaceae family: Nerium oleander L. and Thevetiaperuviana Schum. International Journal of Pharmaceutical Research and Development. 2011; 3: 49-62.
  47. Fernie AR, Trethewey RN, Krotzky AJ, Willmitzer L. Metabolite profiling: from diagnostics to system biology. Nat RevMol Cell Biol. 2004; 5: 763-769. Ref.: https://goo.gl/ALwIyE
  48. Singh R, Singh SK, Kumar S, Arora S. Evaluation of antioxidant potential of ethyl acetate extract/fractions of Acacia auriculiformis. A Cunn Food Chem Toxicol. 2007; 45: 1216-1223. Ref.: https://goo.gl/F76Fki
  49. Han X, Shen T, Lou H. Dietry polyphenols and their biological significance. Int J Mol Sci. 2007; 8: 950-988. Ref.: https://goo.gl/nVjJFs
  50. Harborne JB. Introduction to ecological biochemistry. 4th edition. Academic Press. London. 1993. Ref.: https://goo.gl/xfFPp7
  51. Yen GC, Duh PD, Tsai CL. Relationship between antioxidant activity and maturity of peanut hulls. J Argic Food Chem. 1993; 41: 67-70. Ref.: https://goo.gl/uu95Ka
  52. Duh PD, Tu YY, Yen GC. Antioxidant activity of water extracts of HarngJyur (Chyrsanthemum morifolium) of the families Combretaceae and Labiatae. J Ethnopharmacol. 1999; 37: 269-277. Ref.: https://goo.gl/Zf9C00
  53. Tanaka M, Kuei CW, Nagashima Y. Application of antioxidative maillrad reaction products from histidine and glucose to saridine products. Nippon Suisan Gakkaishil. 1998; 54: 1409-1414. Ref.: https://goo.gl/vdM5hZ
  54. Agarwel PK. Carbon-13 NMR of flavonoids. New York: Elsevier. 1989.
  55. Bors W, Heller W, Michel C, Saran M. Flavonoids as antioxidants:determination of radical scavenging efficiencies. Methods Enzymol. 1990; 186: 345-355. Ref.: https://goo.gl/3ojISG
  56. Cook NC, Samman S. Flavonoids-chemistry, metabolism, cardioprotective effects, and dietary sources. Nutr Biochem. 1996; 7: 66-76. Ref.: https://goo.gl/9g9lfO
  57. Saboonchian F, Jamei R, Sarghein SH. Phenolic and flavonoid content of Elaeagnus angustifolia L. (leaf and flower). Avicenna J Phytomed. 2014; 4: 231-238. Ref.: https://goo.gl/ITGHX1
  58. Tackie AN, Schiff PL, Cryptospirolepine Jnr. A Unique Spiro-Noncyclic Alkaloid Isolated from Cryptolepis Sanguinolenta. J. Natural Products. 1993; 56: 653-65.
  59. Tiana F, Lia B, Jia B, Yanga J, Zhangb G, et al. Antioxidant and antimicrobial activities of consecutive extracts from Gallachinensis: the polarity affects the bioactivities. Food Chem. 2009: 113: 173-179. Ref.: https://goo.gl/u4ceUs
  60. Francis G, Kerem Z, Makkar HP, Becker K. The biological action of saponins in animal systems: a review. Br J Nutr. 2002; 88: 587-605. Ref.: https://goo.gl/GHkWle
  61. Waller GR, Yamasaki K. Proceedings of an American Chemical Society Symposium on Saponins: Chicago, Illinois. 1995.
  62. Balandrin MF. Commercial Utilization of Plant-derived Saponins: An Overview of medicinal, Pharmaceutical and Industrial Applications, In: Waller GR and Yamasaki K. (eds) Saponins Used in Food and Agriculture: Plenum Press. 1996; 404: 1-14.
  63. Klausner A. Adjuvants: a real shot in the arm for recombinant vaccines. Nature Biotechnology. 1988; 6: 773-777. Ref.: https://goo.gl/RzKsU5
  64. Sun HX, Xie Y, Ye YP. Advances in saponin-based adjuvants. Vaccine. 2009; 27: 1787-1796. Ref.: https://goo.gl/XIq0g5
  65. Bachran C, Bachran S, Sutherland M, Bachran D, Fuchs H. Saponins in tumor therapy. Mini Rev Med Chem. 2008; 8: 575-584. Ref.: https://goo.gl/xJZM1X
  66. Sjolander A, Cox JC, Barr IG. ISCOMs: an adjuvant with multiple functions. J Leukoc Biol. 1998; 64: 713-723. Ref.: https://goo.gl/zaFVtz
  67. Bachran Ch, Heisler I, Bachran D, Dassler K, Matthias F, et al. Chimeric toxins inhibit growth of primary oral squamous cell carcinoma cells. Cancer Biol Ther. 2008; 7: 237-242. Ref.: https://goo.gl/uVYtHL
  68. Lee J, Koo N, Min DB. Reactive oxygen species, aging and antioxidative neutraceuticals. Comp Rev Food Sci Food Safety. 2004; 3: 21-33. Ref.: https://goo.gl/3S848g
  69. John de Britto A, Herin Sheeba Gracelin D, Benjamin Jeya Rathna Kumar P. Qualitative and quantitative analysis of phytochemicals in Marsilea minuta linn. Int J Pharm Bio Sci. 2013; 4: 800-805. Ref.: https://goo.gl/30Obi1
  70. Revathi M, Catharin Sara S. Phytochemical studies onlLeaves and Petiole extracts of Marsilea minuta L. International Journal of Science and Research. 2014; 3: 1872-1874

Similar Articles

Recently Viewed

Read More

Most Viewed

Read More

Help ?